For the last two weeks in my Religion 239: Clamoring for Change course, students and I have been reading the book "Occupy Religion: Theology of the Multitude." We have been discussing the issue of "justice," and playing with an image of God as one who works from the bottom-up on behalf of many rather than one who works from the top-down on behalf of a few.

A fundamental principle within this "bottom-up" theology is the idea of God taking sides (a view quite common in most of the "liberative" theologies). Many people, however, are often uncomfortable with the idea of God taking sides. They often assert that such an image contradicts the idea of an impartial and all-loving God who cares equally for all people.

A bottom-up theology of God asserts that God is a God who exists in relationship with all of creation at the same time every created thing is in relationship with every other created thing. While the relationships that involve human beings may be governed by several principles, I believe one principle that governs all such relationships is the principle of "justice."

The term "justice" often means different things to different people. A common understanding of justice in the United States is the notion of "punitive justice," which focuses on inflicting punishment for breaking laws. The obsession with punitive justice in the United States is reflected by the fact that the United States has the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. With only five percent of the world population, the United States has 25 percent of the world's prison population.

While punitive justice might be one way of thinking about justice, it's not the dominant or prevailing understanding of justice promoted within most religious tradition of the world.

The authors of "Occupy Religion" write, "God's justice is about a struggle against injustice, which requires addressing the imbalance of power that leads to injustice rather than covering it up." They go on to write, "In situations of grave imbalances of power, a well-meaning effort to mediate is not enough; taking sides with those who do not benefit from the imbalance of power is the only way to change and to make things right."

A common understanding of "justice" within many religious traditions focuses on correcting imbalances. Many of these imbalances result in various forms of social inequalities, and these social inequalities can only be fixed by taking sides. To not take sides is in fact taking the side of those benefiting from the imbalance.

One example of an imbalance resulting in social inequality is the fact that the top one percent of Americans (approximately 400 people) possesses more wealth than sixty percent of all Americans.

In recent debates over increasing the minimum wage, arguments have been made that if companies like Walmart are forced to give employees a minimum wage of $15 dollars an hour it will force such stores to raise prices, making it difficult for "the poor people" whom they serve to afford their products. Very few (if any) of these arguments, however, mention the fact that six Walmart heirs hold more wealth than 42 percent of Americans combined.

This type of gross inequality is not the product of some people working harder than others. It is the product of an exploitative relationship.

Our lives are constituted by relationships. The question is, "what is the nature of these relationships?" As debates regarding minimum wage reveal, and as the authors of "Occupy Religion" assert, "People are 'less fortunate' not by accident but because others benefit from their misfortune, and they have little choice but to work for lower wages and fewer benefits."

Exploitative relationships result in situations of "just us" rather than justice.

When, over a 28 year period of time, income grows by 275 percent for the wealthiest one percent of American households and only 37 percent for the middle sixty percent and 18 percent for the poorest twenty percent, the wealthiest one percent represent the "just us" advantaged by this imbalance.

When the rate of drug use for blacks and whites in the state of Iowa is essentially identical, but the state arrests blacks at a rate eight times higher than whites for marijuana possession, black people represent the "just us" disproportionately disadvantaged.

When one out of every four homeless men in America has served in the U.S. military, veterans end up representing a "just us" disproportionately disadvantaged.

When nearly six in 10 poor adults are women, and nearly six in 10 poor children live in families headed by women, women become a "just us" disproportionately disadvantaged.

When one child or teen dies or is injured from guns every 30 minutes, and when more children and teens die from guns every three days than died in the Newtown massacre, and when the number of children under five killed by guns in 2010 was higher than the number of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty that same year, it should be obvious that children are a "just us" disadvantaged by irresponsible gun laws, practices and policies in America.

When imbalances result in certain groups (i.e. "just us") being grossly advantaged or disadvantaged over other groups, then there is a lack of justice.

Justice is about removing the root causes of gross imbalances and fostering relationships that are mutually beneficial for all and not for "just us."

It seems that much of the world's injustice is a result of focusing on "just us" rather than justice.

I'm grateful for the opportunity this semester to reflect, wrestle, contemplate and struggle with my students as we think about the differences between a top-down and a bottom-up theology. I'm also inspired because while uniformity of views is rarely attained or promoted in my class, it seems most of us agree it's time to "take sides" and to advance justice rather than situations of  "just us."